Sociology- Role of Media Essay - 2016 Words

Role of The Media By Tess Bugbee Mass media is the methods of communication, including television, radio, magazines, films, internet and newspapers, that have become some of society’s most important agents of socialization. In this paper I will talk about media and its effects on society today, things such as stereotypes the media portrays, the way media illustrates women and what that does to body images of women. I will also be talking about medias effects on teenagers, and sexualization in the media. Media has always played a huge role in our society. For a long time media was one of the methods of controlling people and leisure. Nowadays media is one of the main part of our lives and our society, because†¦show more content†¦The media, which seems to endlessly show women as sexual objects, has the capability of limiting a woman’s potential and damaging their self worth. More often than not the media depicts the way people go about their daily life. People look at the media to determine ho w they should dress, act and in some cases even how they should perform sexually. There are the fashion magazines that focus on beauty, attracting and satisfying men, self-improvement, and (occasionally) work and politics. Examples are Vogue (emphasizing fashion and makeup), Cosmopolitan (emphasizing sexuality and relationships with men), and Self (emphasizing self-improvement and employment). Not only are most magazines directed at women, but the ones that are directed towards men are about work and politics, not about how to improve your looks or please your woman. The media along with other social institutions plays a large role in how women are viewed. A horrible example is being set for today’s youth, and men are taking the loss of self respect of women in the media to the extremes, thinking that they can degrade women in everyday life as well. With the constant representation of women being viewed as nothing more than sexual objects, women themselves are beginning to fe el as though they have little or no potential, as well as no selfShow MoreRelatedSociology of Advertising and The Stereotyping of Women in the Media: Gender Roles, Personal Dissatisfaction and Issues of Patriarchy- Who Is Really to Blame?2525 Words   |  9 PagesThe Stereotyping of Women in the Media: Gender Roles, Personal Dissatisfaction and Issues of Patriarchy- Who Is Really to Blame? We live in a consumer world. Everything we do and perhaps everything we are is based on consumption and commodity. Daily life has become a constant juggle of products and services - needs verses wants. People and objects become interchangeable. People become identified and classified with material goods. While advertising and the consequential high levels of consumptionRead MoreGramsciS Approach To Ideology Proposes That Oppressed1544 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyse the influence of the ruling class and society’s institutions. Marx emphasised that the structure of capitalist society would collapse without the reproduction of its social conditions (Wolff, 2007). Identifying that ideology plays an integral role in maintaining such conditions; Althusser (1971 [no pagination]) claimed ‘The State is a machine of repression, which enables the ruling class to ensure their domination over the working-class.’ This is achieved through Ideological State ApparatusRead Moreweb dubois1041 Words   |  5 Pages February 4, 2014 Sociology 1000 Chapter 1- In Text Questions 1.How do the perspectives of people from different cultures differ on social issues such as suicide? How does the psychological perspective view suicide? What is unique about the sociologist s perspective? On a social issue such as suicide, cultures differ because many people feel this is a personal problem whereas others feel that this can be a public issue. If a person commits suicide, it may have been as a result of his orRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 PagesTherefore, while social networking sites provide a multitude of beneficial improvements to the world, there are just as many issues that arise, and all three sociological perspectives serve to complement one another in the comprehension of social media networks and the sway they bring to societies. As Viewed Through the Structural-Functional Theorists’ Lens English philosopher and biologist Herbert Spence (1820-1903) first introduced Structural-Functionalism Theory through his writings, which employRead MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 Pages(Thompson et al, 1999; Thompson and Stice, 2001). Therefore, failing to meet the societal expectations of being muscular male or thin female may lead to a separation between virtual and actual social identity. The sociology of gender is an important subfield of sociology. In sociology, there is a distinction between sex and gender (Wharton, 2005). Sex is the biological traits that societies use to assign people into the category of either male or female. In other words, it refers to the physicalRead MoreGender Inequality For Women s Sports982 Words   |  4 Pages Running head: INEQUALITIES FOR WOMEN IN SPORTS Inequalities for Women in Sports T’Keyah Thomas Georgia Southern University Sociology 1101 October 18, 2015 Sociology 1101: Reasearch Proposal Inequalities for Women in Sports Introduction: As an adolescent, I was very interested in sports. In fact, sports were all around me. I was usually the tallest of my friends, therefore I was faced with more opportunities concerning sports. The main sports I played were basketball and softballRead MoreThe Gender Marketing Of Toys : Shaping The Way Americans Shop And Play Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagescreate gender divides based on toy characteristics and how it shapes gender expectations (Mansbach, 375). Carol Auster is a sociology professor at Franklin and Marshall College. Sociologists examines human behavior and society in a more in-depth way than the average human being to obtain a better understanding of social life and why people develop the way they do (What is Sociology?). Auster obtained her M.A. and Ph. D. from Princeton University. Auster received the 2011 Christian R. and Mary F. LindbackRead MoreGender Socialization : The Real World1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbehave. Gender socialization is when people are expected to act a certain way based on their â€Å"gender†. Through the following agents: family, schools, peers, and media, gender socialization is emphasized and made very real in the world today. The definition of gender in the sociology textbook, The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, is â€Å"the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members† (Ferris and Stein 243). The textbook definesRead MoreAgents Of Socialisation : The Mass Media1120 Words   |  5 PagesAgents of Socialisation : The Mass Media In the present day, the media is incorporated into our daily lives. Every day, through newspapers, radio, television, email, the internet and social media, are we sucked into an electronic world, which changes many of our beliefs and values about how we live our lives. It plays such a large role in almost every person’s life compared to 50 years ago, when the internet did not exist. It effects things such as our political views, tastes in music, views of menRead MoreHunger Games Sociology Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesPanem. However, The Hunger Games is not just a young adult genre obsession, but also a complex study of the social sciences. The symbolism and plot of The Hunger Games are prime examples of Sociology because they display different societal rules and norms, the struggle for power, and the importance of the media. Although The Hunger Games is set in the future, societal norms, rules and views still exist just as they do in today’s society. Macrosociology studies the wide perspective of such social

The Miami Dade Police Department - 1387 Words

Abstract This paper explores all the components that make up The Miami-Dade Police department. From the geographic location of Miami-Dade County to it s citizens and police force. Using both sources straight from the Miami-Dade Police Department s website and other non-departmental sources to explore the inner workings of the department from recruitment, to citizen-police interactions, all the way up to Internal Affairs and how complaints and misconduct are handled. Looking at the demographics of the county of Miami-Dade, recommendations will be made on what steps the agency needs to take to become an even better department for the citizens it serves. The Miami-Dade Police Department Policing has come a long way since the London Metropolitan Police. In the mid-1800 s policing was more about crime prevention and use of force was a rare last ditch effort to gain compliance from a suspect ( White p. 69-69 ) New technologies have changed policing from an informal neighborhood watch to a sophisticated organization. Jurisdiction Location and demographics. Home to about 2.5 million people, Miami-Dade County in Florida houses thirty-four municipalities and covers over two thousand square acres of land. One-third of the county is located in the Everglades National Park and it s other borders consist of The Atlantic Ocean, The Biscayne Bay, The Florida Keys and Broward County (At-A-Glance). Miami-Dade county holds about thirteen percent of Florida sShow MoreRelatedPolice Academy Training Program Must Go Beyond Arrest Procedures1370 Words   |  6 PagesPolice academy training programs must go beyond arrest procedures and usual tactics it must include COP skills (Anyatt, 1993). Academy training is infamously imperfect in instruction that emphasizes the discretionary application of a range of skills that relate to real world circumstances (Kelling, Wasserman, Williams, 1988). Much police academy training is undermined in the field. For this reason, a change to community policing philosophy and its subsequent o rganizational changes must be trainedRead MoreForensic Science And Criminal And Civil Law Enforcement843 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument examination that made it possible for documents to be accepted as a form of scientific evidence by the court system (Saferstein, 2009). Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966): convinced the police department in Lyon, France to provide him with two attic rooms and two assistants to start the first ever police crime laboratory. One of his theories eventually came to be known as Locard’s Exchange Principle, known today as Trace Evidence. (Saferstein, 2009). 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Against the backdrop of the tumultuous era of the 1960s when the nation’s collective unrest regarding various then current events ranging from the social upheaval of the civil rights movement to the broadly unpopular and deepening conflict in Vietnam spilled onto the streets of American cities seemingly everywhere, local police forces, lacking in experience with crowd control, often found themselvesRead MoreLaw Enforcement585 Words   |  3 Pagessworn to serve and protect our communities to make the right decisions when it comes to their duties. There are so many real-life examples that show police misconduct, because bad things always make front page but all the good that they do is overlooked. This case was very strange to me, officer from Oakland County, Michigan knows what the departments are capable of doing and still downloads and shares child pornography on his home computer (WDIV Detroit, 2013) . 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Law enforcement and social services to work together to provide a complete range of services for both at-risk youth and youth involved with the Juvenile Justice System. JSDS increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency

Global Environment of Fredrick Taylor †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Environment of Fredrick Taylor. Answer: Ford and Taylorism Taylorism in the modern business Giordano (2016) stated that the theory of Fredrick Taylor is the most widely used and accepted technique that deals with the concept of time management. In the current business world, the competition that exists among organisations and among employees is intense. Every organisation and employee aim to provide the best services for its improvement. Hard work provides opportunities to gain good incentives for the employees. In developed countries such as Australia, USA and UK, the theories of Taylor and Ford are widely accepted in every existing organisation. The organisations that exist in the modern world, aim to expand its reach in the international market in the hopes of gaining more resources and increasing opportunities for success. Therefore, the adoption of Taylorism is required for maintaining international growth in organisations. The application can help in increasing the efficiency of the employees working in the organisations. Explaining the design of scripts used in call centres Every call centre is considered as a fragmented type of speaking ability of employees. The employees working at the call centres are provided with a script that is required to be learned by the employees and spoken to the clients. However, in most call centres the rules vary depending on the type of assistance that it is providing to the people (Stoller 2015). For example, in organisations that provide after sales assistance to customers, the people in the call centres adopt a different method of speaking with the clients. Hence, in this regard, it can be said that these workers need to adopt the model proposed by Taylor as it can help in increasing the rate of calls. This can also help in increasing the level of productivity in improving the profitability of the call centres. Comparison of world and new world ideologies Business conducted in the modern world and that was conducted about a 100 years ago are different from one another in many aspects. The video supports this thought and provides a detailed description of the ways business was carried on in the organisations in the early times (YouTube.com 2017). The ways by which business is being conducted in the modern world have changed significantly and have provided evidence about the need for the application of rules made by Taylor and Ford. One of the themes of business that has remained constant in the modern world is the ability by which organisations aim at making profits. Apart from this, the most significant change that has been made in business in the modern world is the rate of competition. An increased competition rate has made business incapable of sticking to a particular strategy for growth and profit. Thomas Friedman on Globalisation; 3 Eras of Globalisation; World is flat Drawbacks or risks of residing in a flat world According to Cavusgil et al. (2014), the third version of globalisation is solely focused on the competition that exists between industries and individuals. The competition within the organisations and within the industries has been a motivating factor for the employees to work well in the modern business. Despite this, there has been a certain risk that has been analysed by scholars on the application of globalisation in the business world. According to Friedman (2016), employees have the tendency to portray their status in a society based on the positions that they hold in an organisation. The negative impact that can be generated from such an attitude can lead employees and the society to remain in danger. At the same time, creative employees tend to take risks that can help in the innovation aspects of a company. This attributes to take more risks and consequently, such an approach is criticised by the organisations in fear of change. Another cause of concern in the age of globalisation is the fact that cultural or regional biases may exist in organisations. Although such cultural attack on people is against the company rules, some organisations may tackle such rule in a clever manner while recruiting employees. View on Friedmans iron rule theory The iron rule stated by Friedman aims at providing individuals and companies with an ability to take advantage of the opportunities that have been provided in the business world. It has been seen that at the time of crisis, people may face failure in an organisation. According to Friedman (2016), opportunities are not a recurring thing and it needs to be grabbed by the individuals once it produces itself. In the video clip, Friedman focused on the competition that exists in the world. The competition exists among organisations, industries and the employees (YouTube.com 2017). One of the reasons for the development of modern business is the direct result of the competitions that exist in a market. In this case, Friedman stated an example of Peru in which he had seen innovation taking the country to reach great heights in the world. Analysing the level of uniformity of globalisation in the world The video of Friedman suggests that globalisation in the world has been distributed in a less uninformed manner. This is because most of the underdeveloped countries in the world have failed to cash-in on the effects of globalisation in the modern world. Some countries have failed in it due to the existence of poverty (YouTube.com 2017). The spread of technology in the world has been un-uniform and this is considered as the main reason for the lack of spread of globalisation in the world. According to Waring (2016), the underdeveloped countries do not have the basic medicines for curing diseases in the case of sickness. The fact that globalisation aims to bring people of the world, closer together is considered as an irony after such evidence that undermines it unevenness in the global market. Globalisation helps in bringing about changes in the world and unites people of different culture. However, Friedmans Globalisation 3.0 has failed to create uniformity in the world. Thus, this is the drawback of globalisation in the modern world. References Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., and Rose, E. L. 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Friedman, M. 2016.A theory of the consumption function. Pickle Partners Publishing. Giordano, L., 2016.Beyond Taylorism: computerization and the new industrial relations. Springer. Stoller, A. 2015. Taylorism and the logic of learning outcomes.Journal of Curriculum Studies,47(3), pp. 317-333. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed:Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books. YouTube.com 2017.Ford and Taylor Scientific Management (Edited). [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. YouTube.com 2017.Thomas Friedman's Three Eras of Globalization. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp4znWHvsjU [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. YouTube.com 2017.What Thomas Friedman means when he says "The World is Flat". [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM2BguxRSyY [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017].

The Economic Environment of Business Essay Example

The Economic Environment of Business Essay It concerns of Business a) Allocation of society scarce resources among alternative uses the distribution of collects output among Individuals groups at a point In time. B) The way In which allocation dilutions change over time. C) The efficiencies Inefficiencies of economic systems. Since the real world is so complex, when economists face a problem, where they have to make a decision, they first start by making simplifying assumptions where they build a model much simpler than the real world. If the model was done properly, then it should predict how the real world will behave. A basic assumption in economics, is that economic players behave rationally. It means that once theyve selected their objectives, they will try to achieve them in a rational way. Therefore individuals believe in is utility minimization, which refers to any objective that leads to satisfaction of the economic player. Thus paying to charity may lead to utility minimization. What Is managerial economics? Managerial Economics Is a marriage of economics decision sciences In order to solve complex business problems. This applies for both private firms public institutions. According to Keats Young It Is the use of economic analysis to make equines decisions involving the best use of an organizations scarce resources. It brings together economic concepts tools, financial analysis, strategic planning, the techniques of the decision sciences. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Examples of questions that managerial economists are concerned with: a) In the private sector: What will be produced? How to produce it? What is the level of production? How much to charge for it? B) In the public sector: What projects should we implement (e. G. Infrastructure)? Should we impose a tax? How to prioritize our budgetary spending? Goals of the firm an economists perspective: The firm In economic theory is expected to want to maximize profits (of course subject to constraints). This Is known as the profit minimization hypothesis. How Economists Define? Resources (factors of production): a) Land (land, forests, minerals, etc) b) Labor (physical + mental) c) Capital (tools, machinery, factories) Production: the act of making commodities (goods and services) Goods: a) Tangible e. G. Cars, chairs b) Services: Intangible e. G. Education, health care Efficiency of production: maximizing output using a given amount of resources Or maligning resources used to achieve a given amount of output. Efficiency of distribution: the economys output is said to be efficiently distributed if no one could Effectiveness: the extent to which an intervention does what it is intended to do Firm: A firm is an organization which takes resources transforms them into products (goods services) that are demanded by consumers. Industry: A group of firms that sells a well-defined product or closely related set of products. Market: An area over which buyers sellers negotiate the exchange of a well-defined commodity. N. B. : Not necessarily physical, for example the NASDAQ stock exchange is an electronic arrest. Revenue Profit:Revenue refers to all the proceeds (money) that a firm gains from selling its product or service. It depends on the quantity of units it sells and the price of each unit. Revenue = no. Of units sold X price of unit The difference between the revenue a firm receives and the costs of production it incurs is the profit. Micro vs.. Macro Economics a) Macro economics: the study of the determination of economic aggregates averages, such as total output, total employment, the general price level rate of economic growth. ) Micro economics: deals with firms, markets or sectors of the economy rather than aggregates. It studies the allocation of resources and the distribution of income as they are affected by the workings of the price system by the policies of the authorities. Command vs.. Market Economies a) Command economy: an economy in which the planning decisions of central authorities (as distinct from households firms) exert the major influence over the allocation of resources the distribution of income. ) Market economy: refers too society in which people specialize in productive activities meet most of their material wants through exchanges voluntarily agreed upon by the contracting arties. Decisions made by firms households depends on market signals as prices profits. Demand Supply Definition of Demand: It is the willingness ability to pay for a good Definition of Quantity demanded is the entire relationship between the quantity of a commodity that buyers wish to purchase per period of time the price of that commodity, other things equal. The demand relationship can be presented verbally [aforementioned], graphically or mathematically Graphically: A basic hypothesis is that the lower the price of a commodity, the larger the quantity that will be demanded, other things being equal. Notice that quantity demanded is a desired quantity. It is how much households wish to purchase, not necessarily how much they actually succeed in purchasing. Notice also that quantity demanded is a flow, that is it has a time dimension. Determinants of Demand: a) The price of the good b) The price of substitute goods c) The price of complementary goods d) Households income wealth (when dealing with market demand we should consider income distribution) e) Tastes and preferences f) Future expectations g) Sociological demographic factors e. G. Number of buyers, number of children, lace of residence What happens to the demand curve if there is a change in any of the factors that determine demand? Changes in price 0 movements along the demand curve. Changes in other determinants 0 shift in the demand curve 1- Changes in Household Income: If households receive more income, they can be expected to purchase more of most goods even though prices remain unchanged. Normal Goods Inferior Goods. A commodity whose demand increases when income increases is called a normal good (majority of goods). A commodity whose demand decreases when income increases is called an inferior good. 2- Changes in Other Prices: Commodities that can be used in place of each other (I. E. Substitute each other) are called substitutes. Where as commodities that tend to be used Jointly with each other are called complements. 3- Change in tastes 4- Change in sociological factors Use the correct terminology: Change in demand = shift in the whole demand curve Change in quantity demand = movement along a demand curve Definition of Quantity Supplied: It is the entire relationship between the quantity of a commodity that firms are able and willing to offer for sale per period of time and the price of that commodity, other eke demand it is a flow, that is, it has time dimension. The supply relationship can be presented verbally [aforementioned], graphically or mathematically All other things equal, the quantity of any commodity that firms will produce offer for sale is positively related to the commodity own price, rising when price rises falling when price falls. Note: We will discuss in a later presentation why the firms supply curve looks the way it is, so we will take its shape as given for the time being. The shape of the market supply curve depends on the market structure (the number of suppliers n the market), again this will be studied in some detail later, so we will take the shape of the market supply curve (in the previous slide) as given. Mathematically via the supply schedule or demand function: Determinants of Supply a) The price of the commodity b) The prices of factors of production c) The goals of producing firms d) Future expectations e) Weather conditions f) The state of technology g) For the market supply curve: imports, number of sellers What happens to the supply curve if there is a change in any of the factors that determine supply? Changes in price 0 movements along the . Changes in determinants 0 shift in the supply curve. Apply curve Change in supply = shift in the whole supply curve Change in quantity supplied = movement along a supply curve The Determination of Price So far, demand and supply have been considered separately. How do they interact to determine price in a competitive market? Point E represents the equilibrium price quantity The Laws of Demand Supply Elasticity Assume that the supply of a certain commodity increases, we know from the previous lecture that price will fall and quantity con sumed will increase. But! Will these changes be large or small? The Effect of the Shape of the Demand Curve The Responsiveness of Demand to Price The degree to which quantity demanded responds to changes in the commodity own price is called the responsiveness of demand. Price Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of demand to price change. It is defined as: The percentage (proportionate) change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage (proportionate) change in price that brought it about. It is usually symbolized by the Greek letter eat: 0 a) If quantity changes, but the percentage change in quantity is less than the regenerate change in price 0 elasticity 1 0 demand is ELASTIC. N.B.: Elasticity may vary along the same demand curve depending on the shape of the curve. ) Perfectly elastic (completely elastic) demand curve is the last case. Where elasticity is infinitely large, there exists some small price reduction that will raise demand from ere to infinity. Above the critical price, consumers will buy nothing. At the critical price, they will buy all that they can obtain. Completely Elastic Demand Curve 0 = Relation between Elasticity Revenue In case of elastic goods, an increase in price leads too larger reduction in quantity consumed, thus causing revenue to decline (since revenue is quantity multiplied by price). In case of inelastic goods, an increase in price still leads too reduction in quantity consumed, but the percentage change in quantity is less than the percentage change in price, thus causing revenue to increase. Price elasticity of emend will help us to answer important policy questions. Examples: 1 . What will happen to revenue as price changes? 2. What will happen to consumption of cigarettes if the tax increases? What determines elasticity? The main determinant of elasticity is the availability of substitutes whether the commodity is a necessity. A commodity with no close substitutes tends to have an inelastic demand. Also, what proportion of income is spent on the good, is it a durable product, can purchases be postponed, Also, time factor has a role in determining elasticity. Because it takes time to develop satisfactory substitutes, emend that is inelastic in the short run may prove elastic in the long run. A good example is the change in elasticity when oil prices increased in 1974-75. The concept of demand elasticity can be broadened to measure the response to change in any of the factors that influence demand, not only price. Elasticity of Supply Elasticity of supply measures the response of quantity supplied to changes in any of the factors that influence it. Price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price that brought it about. Market Structure The profitability of a firm depends on a number of factors. It is not only the number/ size of sellers in the market that matters but also the nature of the product, the nature and number of purchasers of the product, the ease of entering and leaving the market and a multitude of other factors. To reduce these characteristics to manageable proportions, economists have focused on few theoretical market structures that explain what we encounter in real life: a) Perfect competition b) Monopoly c) Monopolistic competition d) Oligopoly Before delving into specific market structures, we have to remember that to maximize refits we have to consider two variables at the same time: Cost and Revenue. The profit maximizing level (or range) of output will depend on the interaction of the two variables. Level of Competition in the Market There are a number of key determinants of the level of competition. ) Product differentiation: Products may be differentiated in a number of ways. They may actually be physically different, performing different tasks; alternatively, they may have cosmetic differences perform the same task, but the small differences in style, shape, color, etc. Enable consumers to differentiate between them. In some cases the products may have no differences at all, how ever, they can be differentiated as a result of the different images that are generated in the course of promoting them. ) Substitutability of the goods produced by different firms (or the potential for substitution). C) Production scale is an important determinant. If substantial economies of scale exist, then efficient plant must be of an appropriately large size; thus, it is impractical to expect a large number of firms to exist because the available market is not large enough. D) Another hindrance to competition in an industry is he existence of barriers to entry barriers to exit. Perfect Competition [Firms without Market Power] Assumptions of Perfect Competition a) Price taking firms (I. . Has no market power) c) No barriers to entry or exit from the market d) No government intervention e) The product must be identical f) Perfect information on market conditions prices by both buyers sellers g)Profit maximizing firms h) The market clears so that all goods produced are sold I ) u shaped short run average marginal cost curves j) The firms demand curve is perfectly elastic (horizontal) P = AR = MR. What level of output would a profit maximizing firm choose in a perfectly competitive market? The firm faces two questions: First: should the firm produce or not in the short run (since the firm always has the option to produce nothing)? In the short run, a firm should produce if and only if average revenue is not less than average variable cost. Second: if the firm decides to produce, what should the level of production be? For a firm to maximize profits, the output should be the one at which marginal revenue (MR.) equals marginal cost (MAC), and the MAC curve cuts the MR. line from below. The firm will keep increasing output so long as it can add more to revenue than it adds to cost. When the firm has chosen its optimum output, it is in equilibrium because it has no incentive to alter its behavior in the short run. Supply Curve of the Firm Remember? The supply curve shows the relation between quantity supplied market price. In the last few slides we agreed that: For prices below PVC, the firm will supply zero units For prices above PVC the firm will equate price and marginal cost Concluding Remarks a) In perfect competition it is difficult for a firm to make high profits, the entry of new rims will eventually ensure that all economic profit is eliminated by the lowering of price. ) Although in theory, economic profits should be equal to zero, in reality, excess profits can still be earned in competitive industries. This happens if the industry is in a disequilibrium position, or if the firm can earn economic rent derived form a unique advantage. Monopoly [Firms with total Market Power] Monopoly markets consist of one supplier who has total control over the price I. E. , the monopolist is a price maker exercises considerable market power. The strategy in monopoly scenario typically involves the maintenance of the monopoly advantage. That is, the creation maintenance of barriers to entry to other firms fending off attempts by government to interfere with the monopoly market outcome. A monopoly exists when only one firm supplies a unique product, with no substitutes, to a market in which entry by other firms is prohibited and the dissemination of market information is poor. Unlike the perfectly competitive firm, the monopolist will be confronted by a downward sloping demand curve for its product which is also the industry demand curve. Since a monopolist must generally lower its price to all selling one additional unit of output must necessarily be less than the price for which the unit is sold (because there will be a reduction in revenue from the previous sales level resulting from the price fall). Since the change in revenue as a result of changing sales by one unit is marginal revenue, the marginal revenue curve of the monopolist is shown as declining more rapidly than its demand curve. The rule for finding the profit maximizing level of output remains unaltered (equating MAC and MR.). Price however is determined by the market demand curve. The problem for the monopolist is that unless it is sanctioned by the government it is likely to be the subject of government anti-monopoly legislation. Poor management or inability to compete with new competitors in a global market place can also be factors. The demise of the British automobile industry is an interesting example, where all major British manufacturers progressively exited the industry during the second half of the 20th century. Pricing in a Monopoly We have already seen that monopolists should attempt to set MR. = MAC. However, in doing so, they may also be able to take advantage of the fact that they can discriminate between groups of customers, in a way that would be more difficult for a non-monopolist to do, in order to increase their profits further. In the following slides we will see how monopolists can further exploit their market position in deriving more than fair profits in the market place. A)Price Discrimination Price discrimination is often a means by which profits from sales can be substantially increased. First-degree price discrimination is said to exist when a firm s able to sell each unit at a different price as indicated by the price on the product demand curve at which the particular unit falls. Such price discrimination is rare. Second-degree price discrimination occurs when prices are set on the basis of quantities purchased. This is a common way of discriminating between wholesale retail customers. The most common form of price discrimination is third-degree price discrimination. This occurs when suppliers are able to divide their markets up into segments and charge a different price to each segment, equating MR. = MAC in each of the sub-markets. By discriminating in the price charged according to the relative elasticity of demand in each market the firm can increase its total profits. B) Two-Part Tariffs Increasingly, consumers are exposed to two-part tariffs?particularly from public utilities for the supply of electricity, water, gas, etc. The two-part tariff involves the charge off fee for the right to buy a product plus a usage fee for each unit of the product purchased. Clearly, firms that implement two-part tariff regimes will have some monopoly over the market. A firm using this approach must determine both the bevel of the initial fee and the per unit usage cost. Monopolistic Competition [Where competition is almost perfect, but not quite] Monopolistic competition is perhaps most similar to perfect competition except that the firm is faced with a downward a unapologetically competitive scenario is typically exemplified by attempts by a firm to differentiate its product from those of its competitors. Although there exists many firms in the industry, consumers perceive some differences in the products of each firm. Thus, rather than having one demand curve for the product of the industry, here is a multitude of demand curves one for each firm. Thus, each firm is confronted by its individual, downward sloping demand curve. The extent to which an individual firms demand curve slopes down is determined by the level of product differentiation that it has been able to attain. The more differentiated the product, the steeper the demand curve. The unapologetically competitive firm behaves Just as the monopolist would. It equates MR. with MAC and chooses that price and output level which maximizes profits. However, this is not monopoly and in the long run, such a situation cannot be sustained. Oligopoly [Where firms tend to compete on anything but price] Oligopoly, where only a few large firms producing a unique product (such as petroleum) exist, is a quite common form of market structure non-price forms of market competition conducted by oligopolies can often be extremely aggressive. Entry to exit from the industry is generally prohibited very little market sensitive information is available buyers are largely kept uninformed. Oligopolies firms would prefer to operate in some form of cartel arrangement, in which they would all agree to operate in a manner similar to that of a monopoly. Such behavior is illegal in most countries. Two models are commonly presented in an attempt to explain the behavior of oligopolies. The first is a model of price leadership. The second is the model of the kinked demand curve. Apart from the theories, there are a number of possibilities that can exist in an oligopolies market: Oligopoly Possibilities 1. Collusion or tacit collusion (cartels). 2. One firm (price leader) behaves like a monopolist in his share of the market, other firms follow the price leaders prices closely. Under such circumstances, if the price deader tries to change his prices, he cannot benefit much from such change! If he raises prices, other firms may not follow him he loses market share; if he lowers prices the competition also reduces pieces. Thus competition is always on aspects other than the price. 3. Fierce price competition, where all of them loose their supernormal profits. Cartels A cartel is created when a few firms agree to collude on prices to derive the benefits of a monopolist. Whilst the establishment of a cartel results in the product being marketed under monopoly-like conditions, it pays off if one firm decides to heat the cartel agreement. In this case, the firm by reducing price below the agreed on price, can acquire a larger market share increase its profits. This triggers retaliation from the remaining cartel members, which makes cartels quite unstable. Game Theory In an oligopolies market, decision makers have no clear theoretic background that helps them in setting their direction, or guides them as how the competition will react to any change in price. Game theory may help the decision maker in selecting a strategy by attempting to estimate the pay off for each strategy. This

5 Ps of Logistics free essay sample

The US military is also one of the largest employers especially in cities where there are military installations. This article will briefly describer the most common logistics jobs  in the industry. Shipping, traffic, and receiving  clerks  are the most numerous  logistics careers. Their responsibility is to make sure they keep the smooth flow of goods from place to another. They unpack and pack items for storage and delivery, and carry out clerical functions altogether. They also maintain precise records of good coming in our going out of the distribution centers or warehouse. Manufacturing, wholesale, and retail industries are the most common workplaces of the traffic, receiving, and shipping clerks. They receive the items from the suppliers and ship the goods to the customers. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 Ps of Logistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In larger companies receiving, shipping and traffic clerks are performed independently. In smaller firms, all three functions are carried out by one person only. Logistics careers  like the shipping clerk are responsible for shipping the goods from the warehouse to the customers. The check the items carefully that is retrieved from the warehouse or stockroom and makes sure the list are in order for each customer. If the items or goods are not available, he or she alerts the customers by phone fax or email. The items are then packed and checked again for shipping. The items and parcels are weighed and then recorded, labelled, and include other documents such as freight cost, invoice and receipts. They also supervise the loading of merchandise on delivery trucks ready for delivery. The receiving clerk on the other hand works much like the shipping clerks. They receive the goods delivered and check it carefully to see if the items delivered are correct and in good shape. They check the items delivered against the order form and invoice. If the receiving clerk finds the items damaged or lost, he or she immediately notifies the shipping firm to compensate for the damaged or lost goods. The receiving clerk is responsible for moving the goods from the delivery truck on to the stock room or warehouse. The maintain records of the items received for later checking. Receiving clerks also use bar coding to track the items accurately. This makes it easier for inventory clerk to keep track of the items present in the warehouse. The receiving clerk may use software for the job. Computer training is also important for many firms for streamlining the operations. The traffic clerks are responsible for maintaining the shipping records. They are responsible also for recording the items’ freight charges, weight, and destination of the goods. They use software to track changes on freight charges against the current prices in their database. They also keep records of damaged goods fro claims purposes or reimbursements for overpriced charges during shipping. These are the three most common  logistic careers  in distribution. A  high school diploma  is required for logistic careers as shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks. Basic knowledge of computer operation training is also part of the job training. Shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks should be well built for the job because it involves a lot of lifting and walking all day. Most of the training is received on the job such as labeling, bar-coding, encoding, maintaining records, shipping, and receiving items. The annual average salaries for shippers, traffic, and receivers range from $40,000 and $45,000 dollars. These salaries depend much on the size of the company. Larger companies’ salary is much higher. Just because you already got the job that you are eyeing for doesn’t mean you have to stop networking. In fact, when you start in your new job you need to start networking because you’re going to be judged early so if you want to be judged as someone who wants to make things happen, introduce yourself to your coworkers to increase your visibility without appearing pompous. You can find more logistic job listings by visiting LogisticsCrossing. com and signing up for a risk free trial today to find jobs that are just right for you! If you become a  medical file clerk, you will be a part of a very important function in the health care field. In this position, you are required to take charge of medical documents that are very important. A lot of medical file clerks are also in charge of a variety of other clerical duties are required to possess clerical skills that are needed to be performed in the office. Function As a medical file clerk, you are required to maintain patient medical records and have them organized alphabetically and numerically. You will also have to clear out old files and materials in the office. It is important that they keep all files updated. They are also required to ensure that all files are filled out thoroughly. Geography Medical file clerks  work within different settings, including hospitals, government agencies, labs, private physician practices and nursing homes. Considerations In order to become a medical file clerk, you will have to have a  high school diploma. It is also required that you have office and computer experience. You must have good people skills and communication skills. You will have to be organized and like the idea of helping others. Time management is another skill set employers look for. Expert Insight The average annual salaries of medical  file clerks  was $23,800 back in 2008. The salaries available all depend on where you live, who you are employed by and your experience and educational background. | | | | | | | | | | | SUMMARY Logistics careers means distribution and logistics encompasses a vast industry, from manufacturing, transportation, wholesale and retail, healthcare, pharmaceutical and warehousing industries. In any firm, in any city or state logistic careers are numerous. Logistics management  is an important part of the business operation where the flow and storage of goods is carefully planned, implemented and controlled. This helps it to be efficient and effective. Other services and other important information are related between the starting point and the point of consumption to meet the personal and legal requirements of the client. Thus  logistics manager jobs  and  logistics analyst job  opportunities are very important and in-demand nowadays. If you will only take your time to search, you can find a lot of  logistics manager  vacancies if you only know where to find them. There are plenty of workers involved in this operation. There are drivers, fork lift operator, sorter, packers, haulers, supervisors, managers, clerk, and traffic, receiving and shipping. In 2010, there are more than 800,000 workers employed in logistics. If you become a  medical file clerk, you will be a part of a very important function in the health care field. In this position, you are required to take charge of medical documents that are very important. A lot of medical file clerks are also in charge of a variety of other clerical duties are required to possess clerical skills that are needed to be performed in the office. This article will briefly describer the most common logistic job  in the industry. Other than that, logistics careers like the shipping clerk are responsible for shipping the goods from the warehouse to the customers. The check the items carefully that is retrieved from the warehouse or stockroom and makes sure the list are in order for each customer. If the items or goods are not available, he or she alerts the customers by phone fax or email. The items are then packed and checked again for shipping. The items and parcels are weighed and then recorded, labelled, and include other documents such as freight cost, invoice and receipts. They also supervise the loading of merchandise on delivery trucks ready for delivery. Besides that, a  high school diploma  is required for logistic careers as shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks. Basic knowledge of computer operation training is also part of the job training. Shippers, receivers, and traffic clerks should be well built for the job because it involves a lot of lifting and walking all day. Most of the training is received on the job such as labelling, bar-coding, encoding, maintaining records, shipping, and receiving items. Make sure to understand the job descriptions for the different vacancies. Logistics manager jobs,  also called distribution managers, oversee or supervise the distribution, transportation and storage of goods and services and ensure that the customers, whether it is suppliers or consumers are satisfied. They are in charge of everything that is happening in between the manufacturer or producer and consumer. This includes the acquisition of materials, production, and transportation up until distribution to the customers themselves. Logistics analyst  jobs deal with the planning and coordination of  logistics operations  of a company. They have to study and analyze operations such as acquisition of raw materials, distribution and packaging of products and the handling of products by personnel. Just because you already got the job that you are eyeing for doesn’t mean you have to stop networking. In fact, when you start in your new job you need to start networking because you’re going to be judged early so if you want to be judged as someone who wants to make things happen, introduce yourself to your co-workers to increase your visibility without appearing pompous.

Free Essays on Childhood Poverty In US

In America, the issue of childhood poverty is in need of one of the greatest humanitarian efforts in history. One in five children of America live in poverty, with percentages in New York and California reaching above 25%, and the states of Texas, Florida, Massachusetts and Illinois all are above the 20% marker. 10 more states fall in line with those mentioned previously(Schrerrer). Such a decline in the standards of living of our children is even more dire when compared to rates of other industrialized nations. Countries of western Europe have childhood poverty rates that are considerably less troublesome, and services that are offered to people in those countries reflect a different attitude towards those children in need of care they obviously cannot provide for themselves. The people of America use have a system known as welfare which is used to â€Å"cushion† those families that require aid, or lost a job. In other countries, benefit packages are considerably higher i n amount of money they provide, and in the wide array of services that are provided. We must examine the cause of these issues, and later on it will be shown relevant to the overall cause of childhood poverty in America. The first of these is the values and morals taught to us by our forefathers, which have perhaps the single greatest impact on our viewpoints today. We, as a culture, have many values that we utilize on a daily basis. These values are often the hardest to point out in members of our own culture due to the fact that our actions that are pertinent to this behavior are automatic. When compared to Values of other countries, apparent correlation can be made between the state of that countries youth and it’s core system of values. Another plausible reason for the grotesque level of children living in poor conditions in this country which is also directly related to values of a culture is the amount of and quality of care provided. This care can b... Free Essays on Childhood Poverty In US Free Essays on Childhood Poverty In US In America, the issue of childhood poverty is in need of one of the greatest humanitarian efforts in history. One in five children of America live in poverty, with percentages in New York and California reaching above 25%, and the states of Texas, Florida, Massachusetts and Illinois all are above the 20% marker. 10 more states fall in line with those mentioned previously(Schrerrer). Such a decline in the standards of living of our children is even more dire when compared to rates of other industrialized nations. Countries of western Europe have childhood poverty rates that are considerably less troublesome, and services that are offered to people in those countries reflect a different attitude towards those children in need of care they obviously cannot provide for themselves. The people of America use have a system known as welfare which is used to â€Å"cushion† those families that require aid, or lost a job. In other countries, benefit packages are considerably higher i n amount of money they provide, and in the wide array of services that are provided. We must examine the cause of these issues, and later on it will be shown relevant to the overall cause of childhood poverty in America. The first of these is the values and morals taught to us by our forefathers, which have perhaps the single greatest impact on our viewpoints today. We, as a culture, have many values that we utilize on a daily basis. These values are often the hardest to point out in members of our own culture due to the fact that our actions that are pertinent to this behavior are automatic. When compared to Values of other countries, apparent correlation can be made between the state of that countries youth and it’s core system of values. Another plausible reason for the grotesque level of children living in poor conditions in this country which is also directly related to values of a culture is the amount of and quality of care provided. This care can b...

The Divine Command Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Divine Command Theory - Essay Example The stronger version holds that moral behavior is good in itself, as such, we should live in a particular manner since God wills it. Similar to the weakest version, this entails the only religious believers need to concern themselves with moral accountability. The strongest version asserts that moral behavior is good because it is willed by God. ("Faithnet") The divine command theory is said to have been disproved by the Euthyphro dilemma, dubbed after Plato's dialogue, which goes: "Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God" ("Philosophy of Religion") If one accepts the first argument that morally good acts are willed by God because they are morally good, the independence problem arises. This means that the argument itself is inconsistent with the theory since moral value becomes independent of God's will. ("Philosophy of Religion") On the other hand, should one hold the second argument that morally good acts become such because they are willed by God, then problems pertaining to arbitrariness, emptiness, and repugnant commands are contended with? The arbitrariness problem stems from the argument that the divine command theory seems to attribute morality only on God's whims.  Ã‚  

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Case Study Example However, in order to provide the required services to its customers, C&S had to raise its operational costs shrink its margins and improve its customer’s relationship management. This also forced Cohen to hire more employees; thus, leading to coordination issues. The coordination issues led to the need of hiring more supervisors than before. The result was overcrowding in the workspace. The employees were mare exposed to accidents due to congestion. Eventually, the employee morale lowered, and there was an increase in turnover. Thus, in order to solve these problems, Cohen thought it wise to in cooperate the concept of â€Å"self managed teams.† C&S is currently facing a difficulty in controlling its operations. The number of employees has increased due to the increase in workload. Having won the deal to be the sole wholesaler to A&P, C&S is currently in a state of inefficiency. The workplace overcrowded, and risks of injuries have risen. The working hours have increased, and the morale of the employees has reduced due to the workload thy have to do each day, leaving them very tired at the end of the day. Cohen is challenged on what to do. He is not sure of whether the method of self managed team is a brilliant idea, or not. The current situation is one of doubts and confusion. Work at C&S is perfect if handled properly. The fact that they have won a huge customer on their side shows the enormous opportunity for the company to make more profit, and win more clients. However, the strategy of how to handle the work is what is missing. Employing more people means spending more money. For a company to succeed there has to be a way by which the management ensures that more money is made as compared to what is spent. However, in C&S, it seems a lot of money is being spent in hiring more employees. This situation is a remarkably convenient opportunity to use self managed team. A self managed team would help in the reduction of the supervisors

Macbeth English Coursework Essay Example for Free

Macbeth English Coursework Essay 1. The scene opens with Lady Macbeth speaking in soliloquy; as a director I would tell the actress to look agitated, maybe wringing her hands and pacing the stage, quite near the back of the stage so it looks as if she is almost trying to hide. In the first soliloquy she seems less powerful compared to when she is with Macbeth. Lady Macbeth begins to imagine noises that represent bad omens, for example, the owl shriekd. She probably didnt hear that noise but an owl shrieking is a symbol of evil and she knows she is doing wrong. She then begins to go over the plans as if she is reassuring herself of what to do and wondering what is going on and how the plan is doing. Lady Macbeth obviously wasnt that confident because she even says that she needed an alcoholic drink to calm her and make her brave again. Then when Macbeth enters, still in soliloquy, she panics that Macbeth hasnt committed the murder, that they woke up and caught him and she expresses her doubts very obviously as shown in this quotation, I am afraid this shows how she lacks confidence and proves that she wasnt bold. Then when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to talk to each other they are both very nervous and jumpy but slowly Lady Macbeth begins to regain control again and she can then comfort and sooth Macbeth who is very shocked and seems almost hysterical. Then Macbeths concerns worry Lady Macbeth but she still remains in control because she starts to command and order Macbeth around. For example, give me the daggers, get on your nightgown; Lady Macbeth regained her calm and Macbeth has become worried. Lady Macbeth gets worked up because of Macbeths doubting and worrying and she is almost shouting in rage at him when she says infirm of purpose and as a director I would definitely say to be bossy and very angry towards Macbeth. She then begins to insult him which shames him as he is supposed to be a brave warrior when she calls him a child so she has definitely regained her control and is bold at the end of the scene. 2. In lines 16-31 Shakespeare creates lots of tension and anxiety by showing Lady Macbeth who is supposed to be very brave and someone who would rather bash her babys brains out than show cowardice being nervous and jumpy. Lady Macbeth says that she couldnt do it herself and doubts that Macbeth has the willpower to do it as well. Following this there is a very jumpy quick exchange between them in lines 22-30. The punctuation in this section is very short like full stops exclamation marks it is very quick answering, they almost finish off each others sentences. This would make the audience think whether they were going to get away with it? Would they be found out? Could they cover it up? Lie about it? So this creates a lot of anxiety as the audience want to know what is going to happen to them. 3. Macbeth is in a state of shock when he returns from Duncans Chamber. He hears sounds which frighten him so he appears very shocked and upset when he enters the scene. He is concerned that they will be found out and in that era the punishment would have been death for high treason. When he talks to Lady Macbeth they have a very quick and nervous exchange. During this exchange he begins to realise the seriousness of what he has just done and Macbeth then begins to feel guilty. He doesnt seem to be able to focus on one thing at a time but the two dominant things he talks about is that he wont be able to get spiritual forgiveness and he wont be able to sleep. He then starts to talk about two lodgers praying and the fact that when they said Amen he couldnt because he had gone against God and broken the Divine Right of Kings. The Divine Right of Kings is an ancient belief system that was the eldest son of the king or queen would become the next ruler of the country. Macbeth had killed the king and taken his place so broken this spiritual belief. So Macbeth knows that he has disobeyed God and cannot get forgiveness. This is shown in lines 37-44. In these lines a very strong metaphor is used to show just how guilty he feels. The metaphor is: Hangmans hands. This is comparing his hand to those of someone who kills frequently so this means that Macbeths guilt is so strong that it feels as though he has killed more than one person. The second dominant topic is that Macbeth sleep has the power to heal and nurture people who are troubled and weary but he has lost the right to sleep and will never sleep again. Lines 47-52 use a lot of good personification which further shows the guilt that Macbeth is feeling. He refers back to the witches in this extract: Glamis hath murderd sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more. this suggests that the witches are on his mind and how their prophecies have driven him to treachery. He then begins to question why he is jumpy; why his guilt and regret is so great; why he cant go back in the room or even look at his hands. 4. The scene starts off with Macbeth in control because Lady Macbeth couldnt commit the murder but after Macbeth did he couldnt re-enter the room and face what he had done. Their relationship is very interesting because they have a large reliance on each other. Lady Macbeth needs Macbeth to commit the murder and Macbeth needs Lady Macbeth to drive him and push him so he has courage to commit the crime. Macbeth looses all his control in the relationship after he commits the murder because he is so haunted and shocked by what he has done and he then needs Lady Macbeth to calm him and make him feel at ease. You can find this change between lines 20-79. Lady Macbeth is in complete control at the end because she begins to call Macbeth names to make him feel ashamed of his cowardice and uses very commanding vocabulary to make him hide what they know and she is in some ways scared in case he cant pretend that he doesnt know anything. 5. The main themes of the play are nearly all mentioned in this scene. To me the most significant theme is that this story is about a man who potentially could have been great, powerful and strong but has been corrupted by darkness, witches and greed. Witchcraft is the theme that got them to this stage and is what really drives Macbeth to commit the murder. The witches prophecy drives him to killing anybody who got in his way especially Macduffs family in Act IV Scene 2. Macbeth is constantly referring back to the witches and seems to have complete trust in them. An example showing that they are on his mind is in Act II Scene 2 when he is distraught about the murder in lines 55-57. Lady Macbeth also refers to witchcraft when she hears bad omens like the owls scream so witchcraft and darkness is a main concern and theme of this particular scene. The theme of deception is carried on throughout this scene; at a more physical level than the deception of the witches with their contradicting language. In this scene, Act II Scene 2, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are putting the blame of the murder on the Kings guards and appearing to be unaware of the situation. Bloodshed and guilt is another key issue especially with phrases like Hangmans hands and they very graphic visual image in lines 76-79. This theme is referred to throughout the rest of the play and eventually until Lady Macbeths death. The guilt is so strong that it causes her to take her own life and the guilt rules Macbeth into decisions and causes a lack of sleep which is another key theme. His lack of sleep is because he has ruined his own equilibrium. Macbeth knows that he has disrupted the Divine Right of Kings so therefore upset God. So Macbeth finds that he is unable to pray and has lost the right to sleep which is natures healer which is a theme which continues right from the murder to the end of the play. He becomes mentally disturbed. The final topic in this scene is the power shifting in the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. They both rely on each other to be strong.

Factors Influencing Brand Loyalty Among Notebook Users

Factors Influencing Brand Loyalty Among Notebook Users In this new era of globalization, the rapid development of the technology is growing so fast and more challenge to manufacturers or marketers. A huge number brand of notebook was in the market and more competitive among the manufacturer. It is easily to customers or users to switching to another brand if they feel not satisfied with current brand and choose the better notebook brand. So this study was to determine the factors that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. The data was collected by questionnaire survey at Universiti Utara Malaysia. This study found that satisfaction is the most factors that can influence users loyal to the notebook brand. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study In this era of globalization, rapid development in technology is not something strange and familiar to us. Advances in telecommunications, information system and society knowledge is in line with changes occurring in technology. Furthermore, in this 21st century, the international community has shifted from the industrial era into the era of information technology without borders. As well as the growth of new technology devices such as mobile phones, laptops, cameras, and others where many additional features offered in these devices. Once a notebook may be categorized as luxury goods, but with the times as well as improved quality of life we can have it. Notebook technology is one of the tools that community choose because of the characteristics who are always renewed by the marketers. Notebook are designed as a tool that is easy to carry anywhere, small and light to be placed on a individual lap when using it. Manufacturers often refer to laptop as notebooks, this is to avoid warm thigh complaints from customers and consequent opportunist liability suits (Wikipedia, 2007). The use of laptops is very wide so that the whole world. The rapid growth in the technology sector is also effect increasing the number of competitors in the market. This cause-marketers and also academicians or practitioners focus on customer decision making in the purchase of a portable PC industry (Nasir, et al., 2006). To satisfy the customer would be something quite challenging in the modern business world. What customers want and how they think are the questions often played in the minds of marketers or companies. Complex in users mind contribute to volatility in profits. When customers loyal to a brand or company, they indirectly help them expand market share, increase bottom line and sustain companys advantage. Brand shows a reputation of a companys through their products or services. Brand is also a sign that memorable in the minds of customers. The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of prototype, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers, and to differentiate from bear fight them of the competitors (Kotler, et al., 2009). Brand can become the heart of marketing and business strategy. Success of the brand is able to generate profits by attracting new customers and retain existing customers. With the brand, it is a sign of the signal in some level of quality which the buyer is satisfied with the easy to choose any of the products. Brand loyalty provides a forecast of demand for the company and may also explain the willingness of customers to pay for higher price. Although competitors are easy to duplicate the process and product design, they are not easy to match the description in the individual and the organization from year to year in any marketing and product development. Therefore, the brand became a very influential in the world competition. ListenRead phoneticallyAccording to Malaysia Laptop (2008), top ten notebooks for October 2008 are: Compaq Presario CQ40 Acer Extensa 4620Z Acer Aspire One Acer Aspire 2920Z HP Pavilion dv5 HP Pavilion dv2700 Acer Aspire 4530 Apple MacBook ASUS Eee PC 1000H Dell Latitude E6500 In 1986, battery powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share. But today, notebooks are becoming increasingly popular, both for business and personal use (Economics, 2005). In 2008, it is estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold and in 2009 the number grow to 177.7 million. The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops, with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units. 1.2 Problem Statement Notebook were originally considered to be a small niche market and were thought suitable mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants and sales representative. But today, notebooks are becoming more popular for student and general use. In addition, new products of notebook launches to the market, acquisitions and mergers in the sector, rapid developments in the nano technology, integrated wireless networking and decreased price make the customer are more influence to buy a notebook (Nasir et al., 2006) which at the same brand or may switch to other brand. This study intended what are the factors that influence notebooks users to be loyal of the notebook brand. 1.3 Research Questions Bases on the discussion earlier in the background of the problem, the research question developed will be: Does price influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does brand name influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does promotion influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does features influence brand loyalty among notebook users? Does satisfaction influence brand loyalty among notebook users? 1.4 Research Objective The objectives of this research are: To determine whether Price influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Brand Name influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Promotion influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Features influence brand loyalty among notebook users. To determine whether Satisfaction influence brand loyalty among notebook users. 1.5 Significance of Study In general, this study is to help marketers and consumers in order to develop more effective marketing strategies. This study also allows us to identify what is the real motivation that exists inside of every made of purchase and what is needed by the user. Therefore, more efficient marketing activities will be implemented. Marketers also can predict the reaction shown by the user of their marketing strategies that has been implemented. And marketers can look whether the strategies that are practiced can maintain the customer that are loyal to their products and also can attract other customers to buy their products. This study is expected to provide useful information in marketing to attract the loyalty to the brand. 1.6 Scope of the Study The study was conducted that involving notebook user. In this study, questionnaire will be formed and it will be complemented by the notebook user. In addition, the collection of secondary sources is also used in this study. This includes the findings of several studies carried out by several previous researchers, journals, books and resources derived from electronic media such as the internet. 1.7 Limitations of the Study Since this study includes some students at the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), the results of this study is more relevant applied to the student in UUM. These findings did not reflect the entire population of notebook users in Malaysia as a whole, the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. This study was carried out in a relatively short period, time constraints also exist. If this study can be implemented in the longer term, the material or related information can be increased in further. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter review literatures in the context of this study. In this section, discussion will be based on the brand loyalty and factors that influence brand loyalty such as price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction among notebook users. Research framework and research hypothesis are also discussed in this chapter. 2.2 Brand Loyalty Loyalty reflects the strength of the relationship between individual attitudes and repurchase. It contains a number of objectives in planning marketing strategies and describes the development of fundamental importance in maintaining a competitive advantage. For example, customers remain loyal to the brand of the same product, the suppliers or services providers in the long term and not easily changed. They also showed their loyalty to the brand by spread kindness to others. Listen Read phonetically Brand loyalty is a commitment by consumer to repurchase or continue to using the current brand. It can be look by the repeated buying in a variety of market context such as product, service, and store. Loyalty is thought to be important for market practitioners for a number of reasons such as generating greater profits, brand extension and increase market share (Thiele Mackay, 2001). Building brand loyalty requires investment in marketing programs that are target to the current and potential customer. Consumers that are loyal only repurchase the same brand even there is an alternative brand in the market. Marketers often pay attention to identify the characteristics of brand loyal consumers and the degree of brand loyalty of consumers so that they can directly and effectively focus their marketing and promotional strategies on these consumers who share similar characteristics among the large population (Lau, et al., 2006). Previous study shows that the brand loyalty is measured by behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. Typically, brand loyalty is defined with reference to either attitudinal or behavioural components (Bennett, et al., 2007)). Behavioural loyalty measures defined brand loyalty in terms of the actual purchase observed over a time period and attitudinal loyalty measures are based on stated preferences, commitment or purchase intention (Thiele Mackay, 2001). A variety of factors also have been found to impact the development of brand loyalty. Lau, et al., (2006) found that brand name, style and promotion are the key brand factors of customer loyalty. Others authors have reported that advertising, price and brand have a significant impact on brand loyalty (Othman Ping, 2006). Sales encounter satisfaction, in turn, leads to brand loyalty by enhancing brand attitude and salesperson loyalty (Brexendorf, et al., 2009). 2.3 Factors of Brand Loyalty 2.3.1 Price Price is one of the important factors that affect on brand loyalty. Consumers with high brand loyalty are willing to pay for a high price for their favourite brand, so their purchase intention is not easily affected by price. In addition, customers have a strong belief in the price and value of their favourite brands so much so that they would compare and evaluate prices with alternative brands (Sidek Yee, 2008). Dovaliene Virvilaite (2008), state that price is one of the most flexible marketing mix elements that can be quickly changed, after changing specific product and service characteristics. People with higher incomes and higher product involvement willingly pay more for features, customer service, quality, added convenience and the brand name (Kotler, et al., 2009). Price variations for consumers favourite brand may only affect their purchase quantity but not their brand choice decision. Consumer satisfaction can also be built by comparing price with perceived costs and value (Lau, et al., 2006). The results from the previous study show that price have a significant to influence on brand loyalty (Lau, et al., 2006; Sidek Yee, 2008; Othman Ping, 2006). Based on the above discussion, the first hypotheses should be as follows: H1: There is significant and positive relationship between price and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.2 Brand Name The brand name is quite often used interchangeably within brand, although it is more correctly used to specifically denote written or spoken linguistic elements of any product. In this context a brand name constitutes a type of trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial source of products or services. Famous brand name can disseminate the benefit of product and lead to higher recall of an advertised benefit than a non-famous brand name (Kotler, et al., 2009). They are many unfamiliar brand names and alternatives available in the market place. Consumers may prefer to trust the major famous and popular brand name (Lau, et al., 2006). These prestigious brand names and their image attract consumers to purchase the brand, affect repeat purchasing behaviour and reduce price related switching behaviours. Consumers are more sensitive to brand name and usually used it in buying decision. This lead to the second hypothesis: H2: There is significant and positive relationship between brand name and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.3 Promotion Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, promotion, distribution). It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. Promotion includes the use of advertising, sales promotions, personal selling and publicity (Kotler, et al., 2009). Promotion is an important element of a firms marketing strategy. Advertising induces brand loyalty in consumers who would otherwise purchase the cheapest alternative on the market. Firms first invest in advertising, and then compete in prices for the remaining brand indifferent consumers (Chioveanu, 2008). Sales promotions are typically viewed as temporary incentives that encourage the trial of a product or service (DelVecchio, et al., 2006). Promotion was considered as one of the most important factors in determining a consumers brand loyalty (Sidek Yee, 2008). Therefore, the third hypothesis is developed as follows: H3: There is significant and positive relationship between promotion and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.4 Features Features are qualities or characteristics of the product or service. According to decision making model, consumers process the environmental cues; the physical factors of the product, psychosocial cues such, such as advertising, and consumers put these cues into a set of perceptions that shape their preferences (Hong Lerch, 2002). Based on these preferences, consumers make their choices subject to situational constraints, such as price and people evaluate various objective features when buying an IT product (Hong Lerch, 2002). Nasir et al., (2006) find that features are a factor that influences consumers laptop purchase decision. Hence, the fourth hypothesis shall be as follows: H4: There is significant and positive relationship between features and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.3.5 Satisfaction Satisfaction is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. The impact of satisfaction on loyalty has been the most popular subject of studies. (Ha, et al., 2009) state that power of satisfaction significantly lies in its ability to reinforce brand loyalty formation. Similarly, the satisfaction had a significant influence on loyalty (Kuusik Varblane, 2009). A minor change in satisfaction can lead to a substantial change in loyalty increment. Moreover, a small increase in customer satisfaction boosted customer loyalty dramatically (Bowen Chen, 2001). The customers will feel satisfied when the goods are beyond their expectation and otherwise when their expectations are beyond the goods actual condition (Sheng Liu, 2010). The discussion leads to the development of the fifth hypothesis: H5: There is significant and positive relationship between satisfaction and brand loyalty among notebook users. 2.4 Theoretical Framework The dependent variable in this study is brand loyalty. The independence variables are price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The research methodology involved the administration of questionnaire on a sample of accounting students. This section outlines the operational definition, instrument and measurement of variables, data collection and sampling 3.2 Research Design Aspects of the study include demographic factors like gender, race, education level, age, and notebook brands that respondent have (Part 1) while Part 2 is to assess the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. The questions in part 2 are divided into six key dimensions of price, brand name, promotion, features, satisfaction and brand loyalty. Unit of analysis in a study comprised of individuals, groups, organisations and societies. Unit of analysis is a key feature that will be analyzed in an investigation. Individuals selected as the unit of analysis in this study in which students from UUM, Sintok. It is to examine the factors that influence them to be loyalty to the notebook brand. This study using a survey method whereby questionnaire form will be used because it is more beneficial than other methods of data collection such as interviews and observations. Questionnaire will be distributed to UUMs students because most of the UUM students use notebook for their learning. 3.3 Operational Definition Price the degree to which the notebook users that price  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Brand Name the degree to which the notebook users that brand name  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Promotion the degree to which the notebook users that promotion  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Features the degree to which the notebook users that features can  influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. Satisfaction the degree to which the notebook users that satisfaction  can influence them be loyalty to notebook brand. 3.4 Instrument and Measurement of Variables The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part 1 of the questionnaire consists of demographic information such as gender, age, and education level. Part 2 contains questions on factors which influence brand loyalty such as price, brand name, promotion, features and satisfaction. It also contains a question on brand loyalty. The entire question in Part 2 using a five point Likert scale (1= strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree). 3.5 Data Collection Data collection is divided into primary and secondary data. Primary data is from original source. Secondary data is data collected by previous researchers. In this study, data secondary as journals, reference books and the Internet data collected to obtain an overview of the study. Secondary data also provide an initial overview for researchers and makes a deeper study. Primary data is used to help answer research questions and test hypotheses based on studies objectives. So, to test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was chosen as the primary method of data collection. Beneficial uses of these questionnaires are: Help researchers get the data easily. Information in a simple questionnaire to be encoded. Advantages to the scientific research on which measurements are valid and reliable. Easily answered by the respondents. Data can be obtained by mail, this means that research can be conducted even though the extent of geographical breadth. More efficient when compared to the interview method. Respondents answer truthfully honest answer without fear (Hair, et al., 2007). 3.6 Sampling Hair, et al. (2007) defined a few procedures in the sampling process. The procedures are: Defining the target population. Choosing the sampling frame. Selecting the sampling method. Determining the sample size. Implementing the sampling plan. The population in this study consisted of all students of UUM with the number of 31, 251 students are PhD students from about 1,186 students, a total of 44 Graduate Diploma students, Graduate After Diploma total of 780 students, a total of 4,030 Postgraduate students and the Undergraduate student is about 25,211 students. The sample in this study is the Undergraduate and Postgraduate students of UUM COB. Respondents were selected by convenience sampling in which samples are available to choose to participate in this study and may provide necessary information. Convenience sampling was chosen because of time constraints inherent in this study. The population or the unit of analysis for this research will be the College of Business (COB) students in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). These COB students of UUM were chosen because COB has a large number of students under them. 3.7 Data Collection Method The questionnaire will distribute to COB students. Responses given by COB students in answering questionnaire is the most important resource in term of data collection. Findings of this study are one of the instruments that can measure the factors influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. 3.8 Method of Data Analysis Some statistical analysis was used to analyze the data in this study. All data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 12.0. Descriptive analysis was used to see or understand the demographics of the respondents in this study. This method was also used to examine the dimensions of the study variables. To test the reliability of each factor influencing brand loyalty, the Cronbach coefficient alpha is used. The size of the correlation coefficient is used to quantitatively describe the strength of the association between two or more variables. The Pearson correlation was also used to measure the relationship between two variables. This analysis explains the positive or negative relationship between the two variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the dependent variable and several independent variables. It determine the relative importance of others independent variable in predicting the dependent variable. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the findings derived from data collected by the respondents who participated in this study. This chapter will also discuss the descriptive analysis for respondents demographic, the reliability of the factors and multiple regression analysis. 4.2 Respondents Demographic This study has a total of 31 respondents. Respondents demographic were asked in Part A that is gender, race, education level, age and notebook brand. The summarizing of the result from this part is show in Table 4.2.1 below. The table show that the ratio of both genders is 25.8% for male and 74.2% for female. So the percentages of female students are higher than male students. The results also show the race of the respondents where Malay consists of 17 students (54.8%), Chinese consists of 9 students (29.0%) and Indian consists of 5 students (16.1%). In education level, the number of undergraduate students that involves in this study is 22 students (71.0%) and postgraduate are 9 students (29.0%). And in age distribution, Table 4.1.1 shows that the higher percentage was 74.2% for 24 years and below, 22.6% for 25-35 years and 3.2% for 45 years and above. The result also show that most of the respondents use Compaq brand that consist of 9 students (29.0%) followed by Acer brand that consist of 8 students (25.8%). For HP brand consists of 5 students (16.1%), Dell brand consists of 3 students (9.7%), Toshiba and Lenovo brand consists of 2 students (6.5%) and last one is FTEC and Sony brand that only 1 students (3.2%). Demographic Variables Frequency Percent (%) Gender Male 8 25.8 Female 23 74.2 100.0 Race Malay 17 54.8 Chinese 9 29.0 Indian 5 16.1 100 Education Level Undergraduate (degree) 22 71.0 Postgraduate (master) 9 29.0 100.0 Age 24 years and below 23 74.2 25-35 years 7 22.6 45 years and above 1 3.2 100 Notebook Brand HP 5 16.1 Compaq 9 29.0 Dell 3 9.7 Acer 8 25.8 Sony 1 3.2 Toshiba 2 6.5 Lenovo 2 6.5 FTEC 1 3.2 100.0 4.3 Reliability Tests In this study, the reliability test is used to measure the coefficient and consistency each variables. The internal consistency reliability showed by coefficient alpha, also referred to as Cronbachs alpha. Hair et al., (2007) show the guidelines for the reliability as rules-of-thumb to interpret alpha values (Table 4.3.1). Table 4.3.1 Roles of Thumb about Cronbach-Alpha Coefficient Alpha Coefficient Range Strength of Association Poor 0.6 to Moderate 0.7 to Good 0.8 to Very good > 0.9 Excellent From the test, it was found that the Cronbach alpha for price factor is 0.567 from 4 variables item. For brand name factor, each of the 4 variables item to total correlation at moderate strength is 0.655 and for promotion factor the Cronbach alpha is at 0.635 from total correlation of 4 variables item. In features factor, each of the 4 variables item to total correlation was at moderate strength is 0.692. The Cronbach alpha for satisfaction factor is 0.909; total correlation of 5 variables item and for brand loyalty, the Cronbach alpha was 0.943 from 4 variables item. Table 4.3.2 illustrates the Cronbach alpha of the variables. Table 4.3.2 Cronbach Alpha of Variables Variable Cronbach Alpha Price 0.567 Brand Name 0.655 Promotion 0.635 Features 0.692 Satisfaction 0.909 Brand Loyalty 0.943 4.4 Hypotheses Testing To test the hypotheses in chapter 2, the Pearson correlation was use. This Pearson correlation can measures the linear association between two metric variables. It was range from -1.00 to +1.00 and zero representing no association between the two metrics variables. -1.00 and +1.00 show the perfect correlation or association between the two metrics variables. The correlation can be positive or negative depending on the direction of the relationship between the variables (Hair et al., 2007). 4.4.1 First Hypotheses H1: There is significant and positive relationship between price and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between price and brand loyalty is -0.641 and the significance level is 0.000. It is found that price have a negative relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p If the notebook providers increase the value of the price, it influenced the notebook users not to stay or loyal to the same brand because the price is more expensive that before and price not the factor that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.1 Correlation between Price and Brand Loyalty Price Loyalty Price Pearson Correlation 1 -.641(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 Loyalty Pearson Correlation -.641(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4.4.2 Second Hypotheses H2: There is significant and positive relationship between brand name and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between brand name and brand loyalty is 0.538 and the significance level is 0.002. It is found that brand name have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p In other words, if the notebook providers more emphasizes on their notebooks brand name it can increase the users loyalty to the brand because they believe that the brand is reputable, prestigious and attract them more to purchase from the same brand. So brand name can influenced brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.2 Correlation between Brand Name and Brand Loyalty Brand Name Loyalty Brand Name Pearson Correlation 1 .538(**) Sig. (2-tailed) . .002 Loyalty Pearson Correlation .538(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .002 . ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). 4.4.3 Third Hypotheses H3: There is significant and positive relationship between promotion and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between promotion and brand loyalty is 0.422 and the significance level is 0.018. It is found that promotion have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p Promotion is need for all the marketers to introduce their product or services to the customer. So, if the notebook provider more emphasis on their promotion, the number of loyal customer to their brand more increases. It shows that promotion one of the factors that influencing brand loyalty among notebook users. Table 4.4.3 Correlation between Promotion and Brand Loyalty Promotion Loyalty Promotion Pearson Correlation 1 .422(*) Sig. (2-tailed) . .018 Loyalty Pearson Correlation .422(*) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .018 . * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). 4.4.4 Fourth Hypotheses H4: There is significant and positive relationship between features and brand loyalty among notebook users. The result show that correlation between features and brand loyalty is 0.383 and the significance level is 0.033. It is found that features have a positive relationship with brand loyalty which the significance level is small (p < 0.05). This means it is failed to reject the hypotheses of there